WDTPRS – 6th Sunday remaining after Epiphany: Wherein Fr. Z rants about authentic “active participation” at Mass

As we approach the end of another liturgical year, an odd thing happens in the Church’s traditional, pre-Conciliar calendar. The Sundays left over after Epiphany, after Christmas, are finally dusted off and prayed until the liturgical year is concluded.  This has to do with the vagaries of your Moon and shifting date of Easter, and therefore Ash Wednesday and Pentecost.  In some years the Sundays after Pentecost don’t take us all the way to Advent.  Thus, we pray the texts for the Sundays that we didn’t get to before Ash Wednesday.  Get it?

This week we use the 6th Sunday after Epiphany. This Collect happened to survive the snipping and cutting of the Consilium under the late Annibale Bugnini to live on in the Novus Ordo editions of the Missale Romanum as the Collect on the 7th Sunday of Ordinary Time.

Praesta, quaesumus, omnipotens Deus, ut, semper rationabilia meditantes, quae tibi sunt placita, et dictis exsequamur et factis.

Note the spiffy separation of et dictis…et factis by the verb.  Rationabilis is an adjective meaning “reasonable, rational”.

A Biblical source for part of the oration could be John 8:28-29:

So Jesus said, “When you have lifted up the Son of man, then you will know that I am he, and that I do nothing on my own authority but speak thus as the Father taught me.  And he who sent me is with me; he has not left me alone, for I always do what is pleasing to him (quae placita sunt ei, facio semper).

SLAVISHLY LITERAL VERSION:

Grant, we beg, Almighty God, that we, meditating always on rational things,
may fulfill those things which are pleasing to You by both words and deeds
.

I chose “rational” partly because of an association I made with a prayer attributed to St Thomas Aquinas which we students, trying to be serious and rational beings (cf. Aristotle, Nichomachean Ethics 1,13 ), recited before philosophy classes lo those many years ago:

Concede mihi, miséricors Deus, quae tibi sunt plácita, ardenter concupíscere, prudenter investigáre, veráciter agnóscere, et perfecte adimplére ad laudem et gloriam Nominis tui.  Amen. …

Grant me, O merciful God, to desire eagerly, to investigate prudently, to acknowledge sincerely, and perfectly to fulfill those things which are pleasing to Thee, to the praise and glory of Thy Name.  Amen.

When we submit to God’s will and pursue what is good and true and beautiful, we are as God wants us to be.  It’s a lovely prayer before studying.  Perhaps you or your students could use it.  Great for the class room!

OBSOLETE ICEL (1973):

Father,
keep before us the wisdom and love
you have revealed in your Son.
Help us to be like him
in word and deed
.

Dreadful.  Good riddance.  Can you imagine the damage this stuff did over the years?  When I read that Mass attendance is down massively over the last 5 years in a place like the Diocese of Brooklyn, I don’t immediately blame present problems.  I also blame this dreck that people had to hear for decades.   We ARE our rites.  When this becomes part of their Faith foundation, what do we expect?

“Oh God, your Son was nice.  Help us to be nice like him.”   [VOMIT]

NEW CORRECTED ICEL (2011):

Grant, we pray, almighty God,
that, always pondering spiritual things,
we may carry out in both word and deed
that which is pleasing to you
.

I chose “rational things” for rationabilia.  The new, corrected ICEL has “spiritual things”, which is certainly defensible.  The French language dictionary of liturgical Latin by Albert Blaise revised by Antoine Dumas, for rationabilis, gives us “spirituel”. Blaise/Dumas also cites the ancient version of the very Collect we are looking at today, identifying it for the 6th Sunday after Epiphany in the 8th century Gregorian Sacramentary.

We are creatures made in the image and likeness of God.  We are made to act like God acts, using the gifts and powers of intellect and will He gave us.  These faculties are wounded because of Original Sin, but they still separate us from irrational animals.

Thus, we can distinguish between “acts of humans” (such as breathing and digesting) that are not much different than what brute animals do except that a human does them, and “human acts” (like painting, repairing a car, conversing, choosing to love) which involve the use of the higher faculties.

We must be interiorly engaged and focused with mind and will on the action we, as agents in God’s image, are carrying out.

This is important for understanding “active participation” in the liturgy.

Many people think “active participation” means carrying things around, clapping, singing, etc.  We can do all those things and actually be thinking about the grocery list or wondering what the score of the game is.  We all have the experience of catching ourselves whistling without realizing we were doing it, reading and not remembering what we just read.

We are doing something, but we are not acting as “humanly” as we ought.

That is not the kind of participation we need at Mass.

We must be actively receptive to what is taking place in the sacred action of the liturgy.

Watching carefully and quietly, actively receptive listening to the spoken Word or to sacred music, can be far more active than carrying things around, and so forth.

Active receptivity requires concentration and desire, mind and will.

It looks passive, but it isn’t.

We actively submit to Christ, the true actor in the Mass, and we actively receive from Christ.  He gives us what we need, not as if to passive animals, but as to His actively receptive and engaged images.

Inner participation leads to outward expression. The outward can also spark the inward.  The former, however, has logical priority over the latter.

Participation at Holy Mass in the Extraordinary Form can help us recover a deeper, fuller, more conscious and proper active participation in the Ordinary Form of the Roman Rite.

It has the harder elements of deprivation which lead to that indispensable apophatic encounter with Mystery.

This is also why our priests must always be faithful to tradition in the celebration of our rites.

Oh… one more thing.

The most perfect form of active participation is the reception of Holy Communion in the state of grace.

If you desire to participate at Holy Mass and other liturgical rites with full, conscious and actual, active participation, then…

GO TO CONFESSION!

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Daily Rome Shot 855

Photo by The Great Roman™

Amazon Deals….

US BLACK FRIDAY

UK BLACK FRIDAY

Thanks to recent donors , including sr********@ (partial email). Thank you messages to your email get kicked back. FWIW MB too, because of some public job or other, the old address doesn’t work.

Meanwhile, time yourself and solve this tricky mate in two.

White to move.

NB: I’ll hold comments with solutions ’till the next day so there won’t be “spoilers” for others.

Your use of my Amazon affiliate link is a major part of my income. It helps to pay for insurance, groceries, everything. Please remember me when shopping online. Thanks in advance.  US HERE – UK HERE

For Zelle and Chase, etc., use frz AT wdtprs DOT com.

Several emails have come about my thoughts on Bp. Strickland and on the USCCB meeting.

Bp. Strickland.  It is clear by now that he was given “special treatment”, and not in a good way.  The timing of this before the Bishops Meeting was too close to be anything other than a part of the maneuver.  This is a manifestation of a growing antinomianism, which will continue to cause confusion and divisions as people who are groping for understanding choose sides.  He will weather the storm and his case will be talked about for a very long time.  I would not be surprise if, after a rest, he doesn’t wind up speaking at a lot of conferences.

Churchy news, USCCB okay.  Yes, I pulled up the video of yesterday’s plenary session and skipped around with a fast setting.  I pity those guys having to sit through these meetings, except for those who wanted to be bishops.  Interesting to me was the vote on solidarity with the the Church in England and Wales about a petition that John Henry Newman be named Doctor of the Church. Less interesting: shuffling one diocese to another province on the deck, proposals and talking about talking under the guise of “mission”. I was slightly edified by them praying the Our Father, which harked to the Apostles themselves. I saw some men whom I greatly respect (as men).  It was nice to see my old friend Archbp. Sample (with a beard!).  I didn’t recognize many… which I guess is good.  I spotted one in particular who stomped on my heart. Bp. Cozzens gave an update on the “Eucharistic Renewal” efforts (it all seems very complicated). Bp. Paprocki mentioned that during their Eucharistic Congress one of impressive things was the huge number of people who wanted to go to confession, so many that they put out a call for more priests to help. (If they were to ask me, I’d say, get rid of Communion in the hand, turn the altars around, clear the sanctuary, put in Communion rails, preach about the Eucharist, preach about and schedule confessions, see what happens.) There was discussion of catechism and catechists… good. Now we need action, not talk.  As I have been saying: know your Faith.  Review!  Deepen!

Chessy news, yay!  In St. Louis 9th seed Roy Robson really outdid himself and won the Rapid part of the Rapid and Blitz.  Blitz starts today and the fortunes of many could turn.  Yesterday, my guy Wesley struggled in a couple of games and then came back like a champ against the leader Robson, whom he defeated in the last game of the Rapid.  Right now, Robson is on top followed by Fabi, MVL, Alireza and Nepo.  There is a 5-way tie for 3rd.  Only four points separate the top from the bottom of the standings so the Blitz rounds could overturn everything regarding the $40K prize.  Live games HERE – the boards, raw, no commentary.  Commentary is on YouTube live.

 

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CQ CQ CQ: #ZedNet NOTE

Just an FYI… today I had a quick contact with WB0YLE over AllStarLink and over Echolink.

Yes, the idea is to get things fired up again.  I’ll try to leave one of the modes on for awhile during the day.  (Note to self… turn on the thing….)

73

Yes, I still need to learn Morse for CW.

 

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From “The Private Diary of Bishop F. Atticus” – 23-11-12 – Bp. Strictland

November 12th, 2023

Dear Diary,

This morning Fr. Tommy asked me my thoughts about the mess with Strictland in Texas. I can’t say I know him. He doesn’t hang around the bar after the bp meetings with the group of us. Always seems pleasant. He got pretty unfriendly with the pope and the nuncio, so it’s wise to keep him at arms’ length anyway.  It’s scary how quickly Rome acts when they want to. I heard there was an investigation this summer, but I figured that, if it followed form, it would be at least a year, maybe two before any action was taken. But no. The hammer came down fast.  After that first rush of calls the night before, during the day it happened I talked to a few of the other guys and they’re troubled. Seems like it was only a few years ago that Francis instituted new policies for removing bishops, but I don’t think that process was even followed. Some of the guys that are even a little okay with traditional stuff are worried. If Strictlan can be removed so easily, what’s stopping it from happening to them?  Or ME??? And what’s the noonch’s role in this?  He’s a Cardinal now.  I’ve been trying to avoid line of sight with him for all these meetings: outta sight and all.  I should try and stay on his good side.  Maybe get on his good side?  A bottle of scotch to congratulate him? Dangerous. Too good of a bottle, it’ll look like bribery. Too cheap it’s an insult. These Italians.  French?  Whatever. Anyway, off to the meeting in the morning.  I look forward to seeing the guys, some at least, but I think it’s going to be a pretty tense meeting. I hear Strictland is showing up but not coming to any of the sessions. He’s just going to stand around outside and pray. What do they get out of that?  I suppose the crowd he’ll get will be big this time.  I asked Tommy what he thought of the Strictlund thing but just as he was about to say something Chester charged in and started barking and running in a circle.  That sort of put the kaybosh on that.  It took us with Mrs. Kennedy several minutes to get Chester under control and out of the room.  Fr. Gilbert gets on my nerves but it’s worth it for Chester.   Oh yes… gotta make sure Fr. Gilbert is available for Chester’s vet appointment.  The last time with Tommy didn’t go too well.  I’m just glad the vet understood.  They got the place all cleaned up.


Editor’s Note:  These diary entries come in sporadically from our Source inside.  Hence, they are not always chronological or even current.  Also, for those of you who are new, Fatty McButterpants’ full name is Francis Atticus McButterpants.  In naming him, his parents were inspired by their garden statue and the institution where his older brother was learning a trade. Fatty would later say it was the book by Harper Lee. Fatty hated the name Francis growing up, and still hates it, so he went by “F. Atticus McButterpants”. By the time he got into seminary, and much larger clothing, the script wrote itself.

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Apollo 8 came in about the worst of all years, 1968.  What a year.

A friend sent a link to The Federalist which has a piece about the passing of Astronaut Frank Borman of the legendary Apollo 8 Moon mission at 95.

Their mission was to leave Earth’s orbit, go to the Moon, orbit ten times for 20 hours, and return.   The other astronauts were William Anders and James Lovell of Apollo 13 fame.

Some of you who are seasoned readers may have been as engaged as I was as a child in the “space race”, each mission being more exciting than the previous.  I’d stay up – rather I’d stay awake as long as I could – watching even “simulations” of what was happening.

Apollo 8 came in about the worst of all years, 1968.  What a year.

The Federalist piece has a couple of great bits.

You might recall that they were at the Moon on Christmas Eve, and the astronauts – broadcast back to Earth and all over the world – read the first part of Genesis with the horizon of the Moon viewed out the window.

YouTube thumbnailYouTube icon

In the Federalist:

(Borman later quipped that the true miracle was getting Anders, who was raised Catholic, to read from the King James Bible.)

Funny.

Apollo 8 gave us the famous “Earthrise” photo.

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You, dear reader, have an immortal soul.

You, dear reader, have an immortal soul.

One of the most important things we pray in the Litany of Saints … those who know and use only the Novus Ordo perhaps have never heard this… is

A subitanea et improvisa morte… From a sudden and unprovided death, spare us O Lord.”

A sudden death can be a blessing.

A sudden and unprovided death is a horrifying prospect.   Unprovided means no access to the sacraments.  No way to make a confession, be absolved or anointed.  Viaticum.  Apostolic Blessing.

We don’t know when our time will be up.

It could be soon.  It could be unforeseen.

As an analogy… a photo taken in my native Minnesota along the North Short of Lake Superior.

It will happen.

Try to imagine for a moment, those first few moments of a soul which has newly been consigned to Hell.  Try to imagine the shock of dawning realization: “This can’t be happening to me!”

But it is.

Dear readers, it is not my job to watch out for imprudent rodents, but it is my job to strive to keep as many of you out of Hell and in the Heaven lane as I can.

I can’t shove you into a confessional.  I can’t hear your confessions and absolve you via the internet.

Therefore, I will use this blog, my force multiplier, to get you to go.

I implore you.

GO TO CONFESSION.

Confess ALL your mortal sins in both kind (what they were) and number (how many times, even if you have to guesstimate).   Never never never purposely hide a mortal sin of which you are fully aware.  Even if seems terribly embarrassing, just say it without mincing words.   The priest will not think badly of you.  He will be impressed by your sincerity.

I wonder sometimes if laypeople understand how their good confessions help the priest himself make a good confession.

A more glorious reason for this blog I cannot imagine: one good confession by someone who really needed to go.  And by all accounts there are an awful lot of people who have done just that, some after a long time.

Tips for making a good confession HERE.

GO TO CONFESSION.


For a good Examen, I like to recommend one that my good friend Fr. Tim Finigan created quite some time ago. Downloadable and printable.

HERE

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Daily Rome Shot 854

A common morning sight.  I miss my friends.

I ask your continued prayers for Giancarlo, especially a miracle of healing through the intercession of Bl. Luigi Maria Monti.  Giancarlo was taken to the hospital and some 5 liters of fluid extracted from his abdomen. He waited a long time in ER before they could find a bed for him.  Its an ordeal.  Members of the Archconfraternity at the parish, founded by St. Philip Neri, are visiting and helping.   Pray for a sudden, complete and lasting healing for the sake of the glory of God.

Bl. Luigi was the founder of the Sons of the Immaculate Conception, which have a North American presence.  HERE  He served as a nurse in Santo Spirito hospital where Giancarlo was originally taken during a previous crisis.  That’s the connection we are drawing on.

Welcome registrants:

Dfierrog
Pauletta
CB1950s

Thanks to ME for being a faithful “200!” and thanks SEN and LW for using Chase (no fees).    Thanks to ERY for becoming a new contributor on the 14th (a lean day).   Thanks Rev. MG for the Venmo contribution for bills.  There are bills.

Meanwhile, I’m enjoying that more of you are taking a shot at the chess puzzles.  Some of them are pretty easy, but occasionally there are hard ones.  How about this?

White to move and mate in… one-two-three-for-five-six-seven… EIGHT.  Perhaps the most satisfying of mates.

NB: I’ll hold comments with solutions ’till the next day so there won’t be “spoilers” for others.

UPDATE 16 Nov:

Priestly chess players, drop me a line. HERE

Use FATHERZ10 at checkout

Also, I will be a chaplain for a very special 11-Day Traditional Catholic Pilgrimage to Poland & Prague (27 August – 6 September 6, 2024).  The dates have been selected to avoid the summer heat and crowds.

The registration link has gone LIVE and can be found HERE.

Pro Chess League 2024 starts in February with 16 teams. The Gotham Knights will be back to defend their title with Nakamura and Liem Le. The Canada Chess Brahs will have Magnus again. The St Louis Archbishops will feature Fabi, Lenier and Jeffrey Xiong. I think the Garden State Passers, and California Unicorns are in it. From India the Yogis and Team MGD1. France has the Blitz. The Charlotte Cobras, Croatia Bulldogs, the Norway Gnomes, Shanghai Tigers and Levitov Chess Wizards will field their teams.

Special mention for the Brazil Capybaras and Spanish Maniac Shrimps for the goofiest names.

If they don’t merch the zwischenzug out of this, they’re nuts.

It’s hard not to root for Manic Shrimp.  Sounds like something I might try to make on Friday.

Please remember me when shopping online. Thanks in advance. US HERE – UK HERE  These links take you to a generic “catholic” search in Amazon, but, once in and browsing or searching, Amazon remembers that you used my link and I get the credit.

Also, in St. Louis is the big Rapid and Blitz.  After Day 1 wildcard Le Quang Liem is in the lead with Alireza and Robson behind.  The biggies are at the bottom: Fabi, Nepo, my guy Wesley.  Action continues today 15 November at 1:00 PM CDT.

Consolation.  Even Magnus blunders.

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From “The Private Diary of Bishop F. Atticus” – 23-11-11 – Liar, liar, McButterpants on fire

Editor’s note:  Many of you have written plaintively about the dearth of news about Most. Rev. Francis Atticus McButterpants, Bishop of Libville, suffragan of the Archdiocese of Red Bird.

One priest, a Jesuit as a matter of fact, but Catholic, wrote:

I am worried about Bishop McButterpants, hope he is ok!

One of my clerical correspondents texted:

The Source who has access to The Diary had a family emergency and needed to leave town for a while.  Emergency resolved, a few pages have started to come in over the transom, as they say.

I’ll try to get some of these out in good time.  However, since the bishops are meeting in Baltimore….

November 11th 2023

Dear Diary,

This awful day started last night when I get a bunch of calls from the guys who’ve already heard that bishop in Texas Strictland finally got the axe, just before Baltimore too.  We knew it was going to happen but I can only think of a few bishops who wanted it to.  They would have been better choices, too, wishing that on someone!   All the unhappiness. All the upset.  Poor guy.  He seems really nice.  I wonder if he’ll be in Baltimore?  I should take him to lunch or something.  But only if the Nuncio has left.   Gotta remember to sit waaay in back during the meetings this week.   Yeah… and that’s another thing.  I hate these meetings. Such a fuss.  They send loads of stuff to read.  Fr. Gilbert is useless at sorting out what I need to pay attention to and what I can round file.  What am thinking?  Give it all to Chester!  He’s been getting more and more irritable lately so he’s just the right guy for the job.  Strange dog.  He is like that Hide and Jackle guy.  He’s jello around Gilbert, but with Tommy’s he’s a loaded gun.  No walking Chester for Fr. Tommy, that’s for sure.   Since he’s been back he been a little snippy.  After Mass at Spirit n Truth, we stopped off at that great burger and shake shack off of the highway.  It’s always busy.  So I’m digging into the triple with everything and really enjoying my strawberry malt and there’s this tug at my sleeve.   A little boy, maybe 7.  “Hey there son! Where are…”  He says, “What are the attributes of the Church?”  Just like that!  He says again, “What are the attributes of the Church?” Really loud. I look around and see standing a little ways off his parents, with several other kids of various heights all staring at me.  Other people too.  Dad’s got his arms crossed and mom… if looks could kill whew.  The kid again says, “What are the attributes of the Church?” Louder this time.  Across the table behind me Tommy is muttering something that I can’t quite catch.  I figure a little humor is in order so I say, “Well, sonny, my attributes are short, fat and hungry!  So, I think I’ll just…”.   Mom says, “You don’t know, do you.”  Tommy, slightly louder behind me is saying them.  “Of course, I’m a bishop right?  You don’t get to be one of those without…”  “So what are they?” says mom.  Tommy’s like one holy cath… “One, holy, catholic and apostolic, missy.  That’s it.”  The kid heads back to dad who says, “We drive an hour and half each way to go to a Latin Mass because of you. Have a great lunch.”   What the hell am I supposed to do?  A couple of the guys said that Tyler got creamed because he didn’t get rid of the Latin.  And the noonch was already on my case about that annulment thing and something about that other thing.  Jude over in Black Duck better watch out.  If this is how it’s gonna be, we are all in deep doodoo.  Anything’ll do.  Anyway, after lunch we’re back in the car and Fr. Tommy is quiet for a long time.  “What?”  “Did you really not know the attributes?”  “SURE I did! I was just playing along.”  He clamed up after that.  I couldn’t think of them.  We had those in like zero grade with Sr. Mary Gerard.  How didn’t I know them?  I wonder if the other guys could’ve answered.   I know Jude could.  Dozer? Ha.  I lied to Tommy.  I feel terrible.  How could I do that?

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ACTION ITEM! “I will not permit myself to be confused.”

Let me repeat…

Repetita iuvant!  Repeated things help!

Repetitio mater discendi!  Repetition is the mother of learning!

Changing the image a bit… Si vis pacem, para bellum!  If you want peace, prepare for war.

A couple weeks ago in Rome I attended the presentation of Bp. Athanasius Schneider’s catechism entitled Credo: Compendium of the Catholic Faith published by Sophia Institute Press.

US HERE –  UK HERE

At the end of his talk at the presentation, Bp. Schneider said:

Let us humbly ask the Lord to grant us through the intercession of our Lady the grace to be able to say, “I know my Catholic Faith. I will not permit to be confused. For the sake of this Faith I am ready to die.”

“I know my Catholic Faith.”

“I will not permit myself to be confused.”

Do you know your Catholic Faith?

If you are disturbed, confused by what you see going on in the Church and in the world, perhaps also in your smaller world of your family and other relationships, take steps.  I wrote about this longer HERE.   One of those steps must be to learn and review your Catholic Faith.   Use can use any good, time-proven catechisms – Bp. Schneider mentioned the Baltimore Catechism – as well as new tools from reliable sources such as this new compendium.

Here’s a little challenge.  Find someone to do this with.  Find online the Baltimore Catechism and quiz each other.  It is Q&A format.  Once upon a time students had to memorize the answers.  Perhaps you did!    If you don’t get the exact wording right, okay.  Did you get the concept right?   Quick!  Can you name the attributes of the Church?  [Inspired by another post!]

Repetita iuvant!  Repeated things help!

Repetitio mater discendi!  Repetition is the mother of learning!

Si vis pacem, para bellum!  If you want peace, prepare for war!

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Peter’s Successor about cancelled priests and bishops.

I was sent this interesting quote from Pope St. Clement (+99 – 3rd Successor of St. Peter) , 1st Letter to the Corinthians, 44.

Note: We can use the term “Pope” legitimately for St. Clement as well as for St. Peter himself in view of the fact that the “papacy” as an institution also with monarchical elements would soon develop.  It is really a bit anachronistic to apply “Pope” in a more technical sense to these very early “Popes”.  See!  I did it again!

1st Clement is one of the earliest of all Christian writings, along with the Didache.  It is addressed to all the Christians of Corinth.  The Bishop of Rome is already demonstrating his role to “strengthen” and he is exercising authority.  In Corinth, some priests (presbyters, elders) had been unjustly deposed by their flocks.  They had been “cancelled”, not from above so much as from below.  However, the principle laid down by Clement would be the same were the priests cancelled from above, by the “bishop” in Corinth or a body of elders.  The whole long letter, which has references to Paul’s letters, is a fascinating glimpse into the governance of the early Church.

In the course of the Letter, Clement is rather fluid with terms and uses “overseer” and “elder” (episkopos and presbyteros) which are pretty much interchangeable.

This passage pertains to both priests and bishops.

My emphases and comments.

Our apostles also knew, through our Lord Jesus Christ [a reference to the Apostolic Tradition, what Christ taught them and what was handed down through time], that there would be strife on account of the office of the episcopate. For this reason, therefore, inasmuch as they had obtained a perfect fore-knowledge of this, they appointed those [ministers] already mentioned, and afterwards gave instructions, that when these should fall asleep [die… not retire… fathers don’t retire, husbands (to dioceses) don’t retire], other approved men should succeed them in their ministry. We are of opinion, therefore, that those appointed by them, or afterwards by other eminent men, with the consent of the whole church, and who have blamelessly served the flock of Christ, in a humble, peaceable, and disinterested spirit, and have for a long time possessed the good opinion of all, cannot be justly dismissed from the ministry. For our sin will not be small, if we eject from the episcopate those who have blamelessly and holily fulfilled its duties. Blessed are those presbyters who, having finished their course before now, have obtained a fruitful and perfect departure [from this world]; for they have no fear lest anyone deprive them of the place now appointed them. But we see that you have removed some men of excellent behavior from the ministry, which they fulfilled blamelessly and with honour.

Translated by John Keith.
From Ante-Nicene Fathers, Vol. 9. Edited by Allan Menzies.
(Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1896.) Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. <http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/1010.htm>.

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